Lithium polymer battery powered intravenous fluid warmer

ABSTRACT

A lithium polymer (LiPo) battery pack having LiPo battery cells is provided which includes battery protection circuitry, charging circuitry, cell balancing circuitry, and control and communication circuitry. The batteries can be charged while in use by an internal charger. Battery charging and discharging are accomplished in a controlled and protected manner to avoid overcharging and overdischarging conditions. The novel battery pack has built-in safeguards against dangerous LiPo battery conditions and is implemented in a small, portable unit which contains the battery cells, control and protection circuitry, internal charger and display gauge. The battery pack is useful for powering an intravenous fluid warmer or other medical or electrical devices and equipment.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/820,094, filed Jun. 7, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/593,456, filed Nov. 6, 2006, which claimsbenefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/734,108,filed Nov. 7, 2005. Each of the aforementioned related patentapplications is herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD

This invention is generally related to battery-operated fluid warmersand, in particular, to fluid warmers running on batteries includinglithium polymer rechargeable cells.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Intravenous (IV) fluid warmers have traditionally been powered by an ACpower source because of the high power required to heat IV fluids.Battery powered IV fluid warmers have heretofore had poor performancebecause of the battery sources which have been available.

The battery requirements for IV fluid warmers include the following:

-   -   1. Small size and weight for easy portability,    -   2. Extremely high discharge rates (very low impedance),    -   3. Protection from overcharging,    -   4. Protection from overdischarging,    -   5. Capability to heat at least four liters of IV fluids, and    -   6. Battery “gas gauge” (Battery Condition Indicator) to monitor        battery charge status.

A known battery powered IV fluid warmer is called the Thermal Angel andis produced by Estill Medical. Thermal Angel uses a 12 volt lead acidbattery which is heavy, weighing about 7 pounds, limiting itsportability. The battery requires an external charger and thus requiresan extra piece of equipment for operational use Thermal Angel has a lowheating capacity of less than 2 liters of room temperature IV fluid. Itcannot be charged while the fluid warmer is in use. It has a long chargetime of about 12 hours and cannot be fast charged. In addition, thedevice has only a minimal gas gauge which is only accurate when thebattery is not in use.

Lithium polymer (LiPo) batteries have extremely low internal impedanceand are particularly suitable for high current applications. They havevery high energy density, do not exhibit memory effects, and inaddition, are environmentally safe. However, such batteries can bedangerous if overcharged or overdischarged and in such circumstances thebatteries can explode or catch fire.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, lithium polymer (LiPo) batterycells are employed in a portable unit which includes battery protectioncircuitry, charging circuitry, cell balancing circuitry, and control andcommunication circuitry. The batteries can be charged while in use by aninternal charger. Battery charging and discharging are accomplished in acontrolled and protected manner to avoid overcharging andoverdischarging conditions. The novel battery pack has built-insafeguards against dangerous LiPo battery conditions and is implementedin a small, portable unit which contains the battery cells, control andprotection circuitry, internal charger and display gauge. The batterypack or the battery cells may be enclosed in an enclosure resistant tofire and/or explosion

An embodiment of the present invention is described herein for poweringa fluid warmer for intravenous or similar fluids. It is contemplatedthat the present invention may also be employed as a power source forpowering other medical equipment or electrical equipment more generally.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further aspects of the invention will be apparent upon consideration ofthe following detailed description, taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to likeparts throughout, and in which:

FIG. 1—A fluid warmer assembly according to a first embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 2A—A fluid warmer heating and control circuit, part 1 of 2,according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2B—The fluid warmer heating and control circuit, part 2 of 2,according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3—A fluid warmer heating and control circuit according to a secondembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4—A charger circuit according to the second embodiment of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The fluid warmer assembly of the present invention is useful forpowering an IV fluid warmer used in military and civilian emergencysettings, such as a battlefield or civilian medical facility. DC powerfor charging the fluid warmer assembly can be provided from a vehicle orother battery source operating over a typical voltage range of 12-36volts DC. An interconnecting cable can provide an electrical connectionbetween an external DC power source and the fluid warmer assembly. Inone embodiment, a hermaphrodite cable may be provided so that only asingle cable having associated connectors is necessary to make aconnection between the fluid warmer assembly and a power source. Suchhermaphrodite connectors have no “wrong end” and either connector endcan be plugged into the fluid warmer assembly and the power source.

The fluid warmer assembly according to the present invention provides aunitary device which contains the battery cells, control and monitoringcircuitry and charging circuitry needed for reliable and safe operationwithout a need for auxiliary or additional equipment. The fluid warmerassembly may have a replaceable heater cartridge inside the fluidwarmer. The replaceable heater cartridge includes a case through whichan intravenous fluid line or a tube extends. Components in contact withthe fluid may optionally be of a single-use design considering aconvenient use or medically hazardous conditions. The fluid warmerassembly is capable of an intelligent power control within safeoperating limits of the exemplary LiPo cells.

Data from the fluid warmer assembly can typically represent thefollowing parameters:

-   -   1. Nominal voltage,    -   2. Battery capacity and amp/hours,    -   3. Maximum current draw, and    -   4. Low voltage cut out level.

Battery temperature is monitored to determine the proper load orcharging parameters. An audible alarm can be provided in the fluidwarmer assembly to signify a fully discharged state and/or a hazardstate. Multicolor LEDs can be included to show, for example, a changefrom red to green to indicate the state of charge.

FIG. 1 illustrates a fluid warmer assembly 100 according to a firstembodiment of the present invention. A fluid warmer 105 has a fluidwarmer cover 101 and a fluid warmer cover 103. The arrows above thefluid warmer cover 101 and the fluid warmer cover 103 show therespective bidirectional capability of movement. The fluid warmer cover101 and the fluid warmer cover 103 include a switch (not shown) thatgenerates a fluid warmer cover closure signal 244, described below,indicating whether the fluid warmer covers 101, 103 are open or closed.

A unitary housing includes the fluid warmer 105, monitoring and controlelectronics, and the rechargeable cells. Specifically, the fluid warmer105 is disposed on a fluid warmer heating and control circuit 107, whichincludes a group of rechargeable Lithium Polymer cells, namely, LiPocells 110, 112, 114, and 116. In a preferred embodiment, the fluidwarmer assembly 100 has a removable cartridge 105 a to which a fluidline is attached and through which fluid is caused to flow. Thecartridge is typically for a single use and is disposed of after usewith a patient. The fluid warmer assembly 100 is typically usable for aperiod of time that the battery pack is capable of being recharged.However, a person having an ordinary skill in the art would appreciatethat there could be several variations to a structural relationshipbetween the various components of the fluid warmer assembly 100described above.

FIGS. 2A and 2B describe a fluid warmer heating and control circuit 200according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 2A and2B connect at points A, B, pack(+) 240 and pack(−) 242.

The fluid warmer heating and control circuit 200 is capable of sensing ahazardous condition inside one or more individual cells, such as LiPocell 210, of battery pack 262. Further, the fluid warmer heating andcontrol circuit 200 permits a magnetic or other isolating coupling ofpower from a charger 232 to Pack(+) 240. The fluid warmer heating andcontrol circuit 200 has a novel structure that does not permit aconduction of electric power from the battery pack 262 through thecharger 232 by including a battery discharge switch 230. That is,electric power from the battery pack 262 to a load does not pass throughthe charging circuit.

FIG. 2A shows that external power is connected through terminals labeledas external power(+) 202 and external power(−) 206. A power pathcontroller logic 221, akin to steering logic, controls two switches,namely, an external power switch 208 and the battery discharge switch230 such that based on a need of the fluid warmer assembly 100 or of thebattery pack 262, power may be directed from external power or thebattery pack 262.

External power(+) 202 is also connected to a low voltage power supply220 which delivers power to all circuits of the fluid warmer assembly100 except a heater 226. The heater 226 includes a heating element,adapted to heat a fluid to be administered to a living body in anefficient manner. The heater 226 is controlled by a heater controlswitch 228 operated by a fluid warmer microcontroller 222.

The heater 226 is powered via a thermal fuse 224 connected to a fluidwarmer overtemperature protection circuit 218 and to a second orderbattery protection circuit 252 shown on FIG. 2B. On sensing atemperature of the fluid warmer 105 exceeding a predetermined limit, thefluid warmer overtemperature protection circuit 218 electrically heatsand melts the thermal fuse 224 to prevent an overheating condition. Toimprove protection, the second order battery protection circuit 252,independent of other protection measures, has been included. On sensinga potentially damaging condition in any of the components of the batterypack 262, the second order battery protection circuit 252 electricallyheats and melts the thermal fuse 224 to prevent a furtherance of thepotentially damaging condition. A common damaging condition is anexcessive voltage across the components of the battery pack 262, namely,LiPo cells 210, 212, 214, and 216 shown on FIG. 2B. Though the secondorder battery protection circuit 252 is shown connected to the voltagesensor 256, other sensor(s) may also be connected to the second orderbattery protection circuit 252.

The fluid warmer microcontroller 222 may operate the heater controlswitch 228 based on a range of conditions stemming from personal safetyand circuit operation considerations. A spread spectrum oscillator 204is included in the fluid warmer heating and control circuit 200 for atleast two purposes. A first purpose is to provide for an improvedelectromagnetic compatibility (EMC) performance. A second purpose is tofacilitate, via the fluid warmer microcontroller 222, a pulse widthmodulation of the charger 232 to control the output voltage or regulatethe current of the charger 232. The charger 232 is connected to thebattery pack 262 via pack(+) 240. In an alternative embodiment, suitablecircuitry included either in the spread spectrum oscillator 204 or thecharger 232 may permit a direct connection between the spread spectrumoscillator 204 and the charger 232 for controlling the output voltage orregulating the current of the charger 232. In such an embodiment,charger 232 is connected to battery condition indicator and controller248 described below.

FIG. 2B also illustrates some additional monitoring and control blocksto facilitate charging and discharging of the battery pack 262. Abattery condition indicator and controller 248 may interface with, asshown in FIG. 2B, a first order battery protection circuit 250, acurrent sensor 264, a fluid warmer cover closure signal 244, and a fluidwarmer microcontroller 222. In some embodiments, the battery conditionindicator and controller has an electromagnetic interface. In someembodiments, the electromagnetic interface is an electrical interface.In some embodiments, the electromagnetic interface is an opticalinterface. The battery condition indicator and controller 248 isconnected to a first order battery protection circuit 250. The batterycondition indicator and controller 248 together with the first orderbattery protection circuit 250 provide a first-level protection to theLiPo cells, indicate the battery capacity, charge the LiPo cells in abalanced manner, facilitate “sleep” or “wake”-style activation of theLiPo cells, and communicate with external circuits as needed. Theoperation of the battery condition indicator and controller 248 isactivated when a fluid warmer cover closure signal 244 is received. Thatis, the fluid warmer cover closure signal 244 is generated when thefluid warmer covers 101, 103 operate as shown on FIG. 1. As an example,heating of a fluid in fluid warmer 105 begins when the fluid warmercovers 101, 103 are closed.

The first order battery protection circuit 250 accepts inputs fromseveral sensors to operate a battery disconnect switch 246. Thesesensors are: voltage sensor 256, temperature sensors 258 and 260,current sensor 264, and strain/pressure sensor 266. These sensors may beconnected to one or more of the LiPo cells 210, 212, 214, and 216.Though only four LiPo cells 210, 212, 214, and 216 are shown, more orfewer LiPo cells may be employed based on a given application by makingsimple changes in the fluid warmer heating and control circuit 200appreciated by a person having an ordinary skill in the art. In additionto a voltage sensor 256 and a current sensor 264, the first orderbattery protection circuit 250 also accepts a temperature sensor 258 anda temperature sensor 260. Based on a structure or a layout of the fluidwarmer assembly 100 of FIG. 1, the temperature sensor 258 and thetemperature sensor 260 may be located at different points on the batterypack 262 to provide a better monitoring, in a distributed manner, of theoverall temperature of the battery pack 262. Though not shown on FIGS.2A and 2B, additional temperature sensors may be provided, for example,to monitor an ambient temperature or a body temperature.

The current sensor 264 is also connected to the battery conditionindicator and controller 248 to permit a control of the first orderbattery protection circuit 250 and facilitate the battery conditionindicator and controller 248 to function as a “battery gas gauge.” Itmay also be noted that FIGS. 2A and 2B show the fluid warmermicrocontroller 222 and the battery condition indicator and controller248 as separate blocks but these two may be combined in a singlecontroller.

A unitary housing includes the fluid warmer 105, monitoring and controlelectronics, and the rechargeable cells. Specifically, the fluid warmer105 is disposed on a fluid warmer heating and control circuit 107, whichincludes a group of rechargeable Lithium Polymer cells, namely, LiPocells 110, 112, 114, and 116. In a preferred embodiment, the housing isconfigured for attachment to the case. The fluid warmer assembly 100 hasa removable cartridge 105 to which a fluid line is attached and throughwhich fluid is caused to flow. The cartridge is typically for a singleuse and is disposed of after use with a patient. The fluid warmerassembly 100 is typically usable for a period of time that the batterypack is capable of being recharged. However, a person having an ordinaryskill in the art would appreciate that there could be several variationsto a structural relationship between the various components of the fluidwarmer assembly 100 described above.

The first order battery protection circuit 250 is also connected to astrain/pressure sensor 266 via a diode 268 at a point where thetemperature sensor 260 is connected. The diode 286 pulls the temperaturesensor 260 low. The strain/pressure sensor 266 is attached to thebattery pack 262 in such a manner that the strain/pressure sensor 266detects a change in a stress or a strain or a pressure relevant to thebattery pack 262 or any of the constituent LiPo cells, such as the LiPocells 210, 212, 214, and 216. Such changes, as well a change in adimension of the battery pack 262 or any of the constituent LiPo cells,such as the LiPo cells 210, 212, 214, and 216, may herald a potentiallyharmful condition inside the battery pack 262. An example of change indimension is a swelling or expansion of an individual cell or thebattery pack 262. The first order battery protection circuit 250operates in response to the signal of the strain/pressure sensor 266, togenerate suitable alarms(s) and disconnects the batteries via switch246.

The fluid warmer heating and control circuit 200 shown in FIGS. 2A and2B conditions external power to make it usable by the low voltage supply220, performs pulse width modulation for an intelligent performance ofthe charger 232, improves the EMC performance, monitors the battery pack262, via several sensors, for a safe operation, includes a back-upbattery protection and a fluid warmer overtemperature protection via thethermal fuse 224. These functions are performed while also sensing thedimensions of the LiPo cells, or the battery pack 262, for a potentialstructural failure and not permitting a load current from the batterypack 262 to pass through the charger 232 circuitry.

Various circuits or blocks of FIGS. 2A and 2B may be implemented byseveral commercially available integrated circuits. The spread spectrumoscillator 204 can be based on LTC6908 of the Linear TechnologyCorporation. A pulse width modulator, to control the charger 232, can beimplemented by the MCP1630 of the Microchip Technology, Inc. The batterycondition indicator and controller 248 and the first order batteryprotection circuit 250 can be implemented by the bq20z70 and the bq29330chipset of Texas Instruments. The second order battery protectioncircuit 252 can be implemented by the bq2941x family of TexasInstruments.

The fluid warmer heating and control circuit 200, including the batterypack 262, may be enclosed in a fire- and/or explosion-resistantenclosure (150 depicted in FIG. 1). Alternatively, such an enclosure cancontain only the LiPo cells 210, 212, 214, and 216 (152 depicted in FIG.1). Such enclosure may be rigid or flexible, and composed of a fire-and/or explosion-resistant material such as Kevlar®. A commerciallyavailable envelope sold under the brand Liposack is also useful for suchan enclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates a fluid warmer heating and control circuit 300according to a second embodiment of the present invention. As anillustration, eight LiPo cells, namely, 310, 312, 314, 316, 310A, 312A,314A, and 316A, are connected in series and included in a battery pack362. Each of the LiPo cells is connected to a first order batteryprotection circuit 350, a second order battery protection circuit 352and a cell balance circuit 354. The first order battery protectioncircuit 350 and the cell balance circuit 354 are connected to a fluidwarmer controller 322 which also receives temperature information from atemperature sensor 358 and from an ambient temperature sensor 372. Thefluid warmer controller 322 is in communication with a charger 332. Thefluid warmer controller 322 communicates with a controller of an IVfluid warmer system (not shown) via a data input/output 341. A UARTincluded in the fluid warmer controller 322 can be used for datatransfer. The fluid warmer controller 322 is also coupled to an array ofLEDs, constituting a battery condition indicator 370, which indicatesbattery charge and also a warning of a hazardous condition. The batterycondition indicator 370 may include a display and an annunciator 371. Apush-to-test switch 374 is provided for actuation of the batterycondition indicator 370.

The LiPo cells 310, 312, 314, 316, 310A, 312A, 314A, and 316A areconnected via a current sensor 364 to the negative output terminallabeled Pack(−) 342. The positive output of the stack is connected via athermal fuse 324 and a pair of MOSFET P 380 and MOSFET P 382 to thepositive output terminal labeled Pack (+) 340. The reference numerals376 and 378 indicate the body diodes inherent with the structure of therespective MOSFET P 380 and MOSFET P 382. The charge and dischargestates of the LiPo cells 310, 312, 314, 316, 310A, 312A, 314A, and 316Aare continuously monitored by the first order battery protection circuit350 and the second order battery protection circuit 352 and the chargestatus is provided to the fluid warmer controller 322. The fluid warmercontroller 322 provides control signals to the cell balance circuit 354operative to adjust the charging and discharging current to LiPo cells310, 312, 314, 316, 310A, 312A, 314A, and 316A within a safe operatingrange. In the event of an undesirable condition, such as an abnormallyhigh voltage or a high current or a high temperature, the fluid warmercontroller 322 in response to inputs from the first order batteryprotection circuit 350 and the second order battery protection circuit352 and/or cell balance circuit 354 and/or from temperature sensor 358and ambient temperature sensor 372, causes one or both of MOSFET P 380and MOSFET 382 to turn off and thereby shut off the supply of currentfrom the LiPo cells 310, 312, 314, 316, 310A, 312A, 314A, and 316A.

The second order battery protection circuit 352 is operative to monitorcharge and discharge states of the LiPo cells 310, 312, 314, 316, 310A,312A, 314A, and 316A and in the event of a fault condition provide anoutput current to melt the thermal fuse 324 to disconnect the LiPo cells310, 312, 314, 316, 310A, 312A, 314A, and 316A before a dangerouscondition can occur.

The charger 332 is internal to the fluid warmer assembly 100 of FIG. 1and eliminates a need for a separate or external charger. In addition,the charger 332 can be operative while the fluid warmer assembly 100 isin use if the fluid warmer assembly 100 is connected to an externalcharging power source. DC power can be provided to the fluid warmerassembly 100 for operating the charger 332.

The fluid warmer controller 322 provides an identification informationvia the data input/output 341 to the fluid warmer assembly 100 such thatthe fluid warmer assembly 100 recognizes an appropriate power source forpowering the fluid warmer assembly 100.

FIG. 4 illustrates a charger circuit 432 according to the secondembodiment of the present invention. Though FIG. 4 shows only one LiPocell 410, there could be more such LiPo cells based on a specificapplication.

Similar to the feature of the first embodiment, the charger circuit 432directs a discharge load current on a path separate from a path ofcharging current. Specifically, a switch including MOSFET P 480 andMOSFET P 482 connects the LiPo cell 410 to pack(+) 440, via a thermalfuse 424, away from the charging circuitry of charger circuit 432.

When pack(+) 440 and pack(−) 442 are supplied with less than the LiPocell 410 voltage, a step up conversion is provided by MOSFET N 484,MOSFET N 486, inductor 488 and diode 496. The step up conversion isaccomplished under the fluid warmer controller 322 management by holdingMOSFET N 484 on and pulsing MOSFET N 486. While MOSFET N 486 is on,current rises in inductor 488, and when MOSFET N 486 turns off, thevoltage across inductor 488 reverses polarity and discharges from thepack+ 440 terminal through diode 496 into the battery.

When pack(+) 440 and pack(−) 442 are supplied with battery voltagegreater than that of the LiPo cell 410, a step down conversion isprovided by MOSFET N 484, MOSFET N 486, inductor 488, diode 496 anddiode 494. The fluid warmer controller 322 causes pulsing of both MOSFETN 484 and MOSFET N 486. Current rises in inductor 488 while MOSFET N 484and MOSFET N 486 are on. When MOSFET N 484 and MOSFET N 486 turn off,the voltage across inductor 488 reverses polarity and discharges throughdiode 496 into the LiPo cell 410 and from the LiPo cell 410 throughdiode 494. Alternatively, the diodes 494 and 496 may be replaced with anactive switch, such as a MOSFET, for a higher efficiency. Charge currentis controlled by measuring the voltage drop across a current sensor 464and varying the duty cycle of MOSFET N 484 and MOSFET N 486. Thereference numerals 476, 478, 490, and 492 indicate the body diodesinherent with the structure of the respective MOSFET P 480, MOSFET P482, MOSFET N 484, and MOSFET N 486.

The fluid warmer heating and control circuit 200, including the batterypack 262, may be enclosed in a fire- and/or explosion-resistant batterypack enclosure (150 depicted in FIG. 1). Alternatively, such a batterypack enclosure can contain only the LiPo cells 210, 212, 214, and 216(152 depicted in FIG. 1). Such battery pack enclosure may be rigid orflexible, and composed of a fire- and/or explosion-resistant materialsuch as Kevlar®. A commercially available envelope sold under the brandLiposack is also useful for such an enclosure.

As discussed in relation to FIG. 3, the second order battery protectioncircuit 352 can interrupt power using the thermal fuse 424 in the eventof a major failure such as failure of the MOSFET P 480 or MOSFET P 482,or of the first order battery protection circuit 350.

Though the above description has generally been oriented to powering anIV fluid warmer, a person having an ordinary skill in the art willappreciate that the fluid warmer assembly 100 can also be used forheating other liquids or substances with suitable modifications orenhancements. The invention is not limited to heating IV or otherfluids, but is applicable to powering other electrical devices andequipment including other medical devices and equipment.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for use with a system for warming a fluid to be administered to a living body, which includes the system including a case through which a fluid line extends, the apparatus comprising: a housing configured for attachment to the case, the housing including: one or more lithium polymer cells; a heater positioned to transfer heat to the case; a fluid warmer microcontroller connected to the heater; a first order battery protection circuit connected to elements selected from4hea group consisting of: a battery condition indicator and controller, at least one sensor connected to at least one of the one or more lithium polymer cells, a cell balance circuit connected to the one or more lithium polymer cells, and a battery disconnect switch; a second order battery protection circuit connected to the one or more lithium polymer cells; a fluid warmer over-temperature protection circuit to sense a temperature of the case during use; and a thermal fuse coupled to the heater, the second order battery protection circuit, and the fluid warmer over-temperature protection circuit, wherein the second order battery protection circuit opens the thermal fuse in response to a predetermined condition, and wherein the fluid warmer over-temperature protection circuit opens the thermal fuse in response to sensing an excessive fluid temperature.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the case includes a removable cartridge configured to permit fluid to flow through the removable cartridge during use.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor is one or more of a plurality of temperature sensors, a voltage sensor, a current sensor connected to the battery condition indicator and controller, a stress sensor, or a strain sensor.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor is a plurality of temperature sensors that are attached to the one or more lithium polymer cells in a distributed manner.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor is one of a stress sensor or a strain sensor, and wherein the stress sensor or the strain sensor is connected to a diode to pull a temperature sensor low.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a power path controller logic circuit to control an external power switch and a battery discharge switch.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a heater control switch coupled between the fluid warmer microcontroller and the heater.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the battery condition indicator and controller includes at least one of a display or an annunciator.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a charger connected to the one or more lithium polymer cells.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein an electric current to warm the case conducts in a circuit separate from the charger.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a fire and/or explosion resistant enclosure containing at least the one or more lithium polymer cells.
 12. A battery back enclosure for a fluid warmer, the battery pack enclosure comprising: one or more lithium polymer cells; a first order battery protection circuit, coupled to at least one sensor and a battery disconnect switch, for disconnecting the one or more lithium polymer cells from a power source in response to a first predetermined condition; a second order battery protection circuit, coupled to the at least one sensor, for disconnecting the one or more lithium polymer cells from the power source in response to a second predetermined condition; a fluid warmer over-temperature protection circuit for disconnecting the one or more lithium polymer cells from the power source in response to sensing an excessive fluid temperature; and a thermal fuse coupled to the second order battery protection circuit and the fluid warmer over-temperature protection circuit, wherein the second order battery protection circuit opens the thermal fuse in response to the second predetermined condition, and wherein the fluid warmer over-temperature protection circuit opens the thermal fuse in response to sensing the excessive fluid temperature.
 13. The battery pack enclosure of claim 12, wherein the at least one sensor is one or more of a plurality of temperature sensors, a voltage sensor, a current sensor, a stress sensor, or a strain sensor.
 14. The battery pack enclosure of claim 12, further including a battery condition indicator coupled to the first order battery protection circuit and having one or more of a display or an annunciator.
 15. The battery pack enclosure of claim 12, further comprising a charger connected to the one or more lithium polymer cells.
 16. The battery pack enclosure of claim 15, wherein the charger is coupled to the one or more lithium polymer cells such that the charger directs a discharge load current on a path partially separate from a path of charging current.
 17. The battery pack enclosure of claim 15, wherein an electric current output from the battery pack conducts in a circuit partially separate from the charger.
 18. The battery pack enclosure of claim 12, further including a fire and/or explosion resistant enclosure containing at least the one or more lithium polymer cells. 